News
Nov 12, 2025 - Foods
Information from the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment on 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and glycidyl fatty acid esters
During the processing and heating of food, so-called process-related contaminants can form, including 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and glycidyl fatty acid esters. These compounds are primarily formed during the refining of vegetable oils and fats, as well as in the frying and baking of fat- and salt-rich products. Particularly affected are palm oil, margarine, bakery and confectionery products, snacks, fried foods, and infant formula.
3-Monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) can cause kidney damage and benign tumors in animal studies. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established a tolerable daily intake of 2 micrograms per kilogram of body weight for this substance.
2-Monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) exhibits similar effects but is not yet sufficiently researched.
Glycidol and its fatty acid esters are considered genotoxic and possibly carcinogenic; no safe intake level can be set for them. Therefore, the ALARA principle applies, as low as reasonably achievable.
For adults, exposure is typically below critical levels. However, infants and young children exclusively fed with industrially produced infant formula can exceed the TDI value. To reduce the risk, stricter maximum levels in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2024/1003 have been in place in the European Union since January 1, 2025.
Food manufacturers should design their processes to minimize the formation of these substances, such as by optimizing refining, adjusting heating conditions, and selecting raw materials with minimal contaminants. Regular monitoring and compliance with EU limits are essential.
Consumers can contribute to lowering intake by not overheating fat- and salt-rich foods, frying without salt, and salting only after cooking. Deeply browned or fried products should be consumed in moderation. For infants, only approved and tested infant formula is recommended.
A combination of conscious production and responsible consumption can significantly reduce the burden of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and glycidyl fatty acid esters, thereby making an important contribution to food safety and health protection for all consumers.
The complete document and further information from the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment can be found here.
Do you also have products that you want to test for 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and glycidyl fatty acid esters?
At our Tentamus laboratories, we conduct these tests regularly. We provide you with fast and reliable results.
For questions, our customer advisors are happy to assist you.
Sources: